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Research methodology is a systematic process that help researcher to collect the information and data that is related to the research topic to resolve the research issues. This chapter of dissertation provides the in depth knowledge and understanding about the process to conduct the research study in an effective manner and to achieve research aims and objectives.

The purpose of this chapter in a dissertation is to explore theoretical structure of different actions, which are performed by the researcher to collect the data and information and to conduct the study in an effective manner. Research Methodology chapter also provides the link between research objectives and research question that helps researcher to achieve aims and objectives of the research in appropriate manner.

In order to accomplish research objectives in appropriate and efficient way, researcher includes different research philosophies, approaches, strategies and data collection methods. In this chapter, researcher also provides various reasons for not using other philosophies, approaches, strategies and data collection methods for effective research study. This chapter also includes the assessment of framework to evaluate the authenticity and applicability of methods used by the researcher to conduct the study.

Research methodology is defined as a systematic analysis or investigation into the research subject in order to discover rationale and experimental principles, facts, theories, applications & processes. According to Davies & Elder (2006), successful completion of the research highly depends on its research methodology.



Research philosophy is the approach to understand and write the knowledge that is gained by conducting the research. Three types of research philosophies are used in research paper. These are positivism, interpretive and critical (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). Each of these philosophies represents a model that is known as paradigm for research. According to Mackenzie & Knipe (2006), positivism is the oldest and most widely used philosophy in the research papers.

It is a scientific method that is based on rationale and empiric of the research (Burke, 2007). In the positivism paradigm, various concepts are used. These concepts are quantification, hypothesis and objective measures. In the positivism paradigm, researcher works with observable social reality, rationale and experiences to reach on end result of the research.

According to Burke (2007), interpretive paradigm is used to understand the World of human experiences. In interpretive paradigm, researcher recognizes the impact on research of their background and experience (Burke, 2007). Critical paradigm researcher uses concepts such as distribution of power in the society and political ideology (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). According to Mackenzie & Knipe (2006), Positivism paradigm is most commonly aligned with quantitative methods of data collection and analysis (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Lowe, 2002). On the other hand, interpretive paradigm and critical paradigm are aligned with mixture of both qualitative and quantitative methods that is known as mixed method (Burke, 2007).

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References
Burke, M.E. (2007), Making Choices: Research Paradigms and Information Management, Library Review, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 476-484.
Davies, A & Elder, C. (2006), “The handbook of applied linguistics, Great Britain: Wiley-Blackwell.
Mackenzie, N & Knipe, S. (2006), ‘Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and methodology’, [online], Issues in Educational Research, no.16, Available from: http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie.html

Different research objectives, different types of research types.In order to perform the right research work the researcher should choose from the different types of analysis available and its helps him to pick the appropriate methodology to carry on its work in the right direction. There are different types of research methods to analyze and gather data for the final outcome result.

QUANTITATIVE Methods	QUALITATIVE	MIXED METHODS
“Predetermined	Emerging methods	Both predetermine
Instrument based questions	Open ended questions	and emerging
Performance data	Interview data	methods, Both
Attitude data	Observation data	open and closed
Observational data	document data	ended questions
Statistical analysis and	audiovisual data	Multiple forms of
Census data	Text and image analysis	data drawing or
		All possibilities
		Statistical and
		Text analysis”

[Creswell (2003)]

According to Creswell (2003) there are basically three approaches to research methods they are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. These are the specific methods to collect data or to do the analysis.

Creswell, J.W. (2003), ‘Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches’ 2nd Edition, Published by SAGE, pgs-246, pg-17

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In the words of Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2000), research paradigm can be defined as the broad framework, which comprises perception, beliefs and understanding of several theories and practices that are used to conduct a research. It can also be characterized as a precise procedure, which involves various steps through which a researcher creates a relationship between the research objectives and questions.

According to the definition given by Gliner and Morgan (2000) “paradigm is a way of thinking about and conducting a research. It is not strictly a methodology, but more of a philosophy that guides how the research is to be conducted (p.17)”. Research paradigm and philosophy comprises various factors such as individual’s mental model, his way of seeing thing, different perceptions, variety of beliefs towards reality, etc. This concept influences the beliefs and value of the researchers, so that he can provide valid arguments and terminology to give reliable results.

Easter-by-Smith et al, (2006) have discussed about three different components of research paradigm or three ways to think about research philosophy.

Epistemology	Common parameters and assumptions those are associated with the excellent way to investigate the nature of the real world.
Ontology	Common assumptions that are created to understand the real nature of the society
Methodology	Combination of different techniques that are used by the researcher to investigate different situations.

Research philosophy is the way through which the researcher generates knowledge in the context of the research. There are mainly four forms of research philosophy. First is positivism research philosophy. According to the positivism research philosophy social world can be perceived in objective manner. In this research philosophy, researcher is objective analyst. It also states that research is value free and researcher works at independent base. Contrary to this research philosophy, in interpretive research philosophy, researcher states that it is not easy to understand the social world through the principles. It states that social world can be interpreted in subjective manner. Main focus of this research philosophy is to understand the meanings through which people experiences in social world. It is based on the principle, which states that the researcher performs a specific role to observe the social world. According to this research philosophy, research is based on researcher’s interests.

Third is pragmatism research philosophy, which handles with actual facts. It states that in choosing research philosophy, research question is the key determinant. Practical outcomes are considered important in this research philosophy. Fourth research philosophy is realism research philosophy (Lancaster, 2005). This research philosophy is based on the principles of positivism and interpretive research philosophy. Realism research philosophy is based on the assumptions, which states that to understand the subjective nature of human beings.

References
Lancaster, G. (2005) Research methods in management: a concise introduction to research in management and business consultancy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Data collection is the process in which information is gathered from various sources. For doing the market research, data collection is the first step and furthers all market research is based on collected data. Researcher has to adopt various data collection methods to collect the more relevant and authentic data (Axinn & Pearce, 2006). Due to the dynamic environment, market research is very important to know customer’s taste and preferences. Questionnaires, interviews, sampling, survey, case studies etc. are some of the data collection methods that can be used by researcher (Sapsford & Jupp, 2006).

Questionnaires are the method in which specific set of questions are framed and these questions are asked from respondents. This method will give more relevant data as the information is directly gathered from respondents (Brace, 2008). Interviews are suitable, when personal information is required from respondents. Researcher asks some general question from the respondents. In case of sampling, researcher takes a sample of the research issue that represents the whole issue. It is more suitable, when the area of research is very wide. In survey method, researcher gathers the information related to current scenario of market and also analyzes the target market (Flick, 2009). Analyzing case studies helps in identifying the past trends of an organization and further it helps in making decisions for future.

Process of Data Collection

For the collection of relevant data and to explore various information researcher has to adopt the process of data collection. Following the data collection process helps in gathering data in systematic manner. Data collection process includes four steps; these are identifying problem, selecting method of data collection, fieldwork or market research, and evaluation of collected data (Wolf, 2008). Firstly, researcher has to identify the areas and problems that arises the need of research and data collection. Secondly, on the basis of problem, researcher has to select data collection method that will be more suitable for the research issue. After choosing the data collection method, third step is market research, which includes researcher has to do the fieldwork and gathers data from various sources.

Lastly, researcher scrutinizes all the facts, data and information and evaluates the relevant and authentic data that is useful and most suitable for solving research problems (Smith & Albaum, 2005). This process of data collection is followed in every organization. Researcher must collect the data very carefully and accurately because these data is used as base for doing further market research.

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References
Axinn, W.G., & Pearce, L.D. (2006). Mixed method data collection strategies. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Brace, I. (2008). Questionnaire Design: How to Plan, Structure and Write Survey Material for Effective Market Research (2nd eds.). UK: Kogan Page Publishers.
Flick, U. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (4th eds.). London: SAGE.
Sapsford, R. & Jupp, V. (2006). Data collection and analysis (2nd eds.). London: SAGE.
Smith, S.M. & Albaum, G.S. (2005). Fundamentals of marketing research. London: SAGE.
Wolf, J. (2008). The Nature of Supply Chain Management Research. Germany: Gabler Verlag.

Literature review helps the researcher to understand the concept of the research topic. It also helps in evaluating the research problem in the most critical way to find the effective and efficient solution for the proposed problem (Dawidowicz 2010). This post helps readers to understand the important aspects that have to keep in mind while conducting the literature review for the research project.


Important Consideration

Literature review is an important topic to formulate and understand the problem of the research work. Literature is also helpful in determining the research topic. Also, it helps in determining the feasibility of the research study (Matheson and Lacey 2011). There are several points to be considered while conducting literature review for any research problem, such as:

Firstly, the researcher has to understand the research problem effectively before searching for the literature of the given topic so that proper key words can be used to find the data and information regarding the research problem (Reed 2005). This would help the researcher to put effective input in the literature review, i.e. the researcher has to understand and find out the actual problem of the research. After understand the research problem, the next step will be of processing the problem in order to find the best solution for it (Levy and Ellis 2006).

In the second step, the researcher has to know the literature of the proposed problem and comprehend it by critically evaluate the problem from the view point of different authors. After comprehending the data, researcher has to apply the data and analyze it to evaluate the result for the proposed research problem (Levy and Ellis 2006).

For making the research work effective, researcher has to understand the sources from where quality information can be available for the research work. It helps the researcher to understand the problem from the authentic information rather than fake information. The authentic information makes the research work more effective and helps in finding the solution efficiently. There are various sources of data viz. primary sources, secondary sources and tertiary sources that helps the researcher to find the authentic data and information for the dissertation (Rubin and Babbie 2010).

Primary data source includes survey through structured and semi structured interviews, observation, autobiographies, statistics, surveys, opinion polls, scientific data, etc. While, the authentic secondary data sources include biographies, textbooks, articles, etc. on the other hand, tertiary data sources include encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. (Reed 2005).

The next important step while conducting the literature review in the research topic is to check the applicability of the literature. Some time researcher has to include theories and models in the research work, thus researcher has to check the relevancy of these models and theories before using them in the research work (Levy and Ellis 2006).

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that literature review helps the researcher to make his/her research work more effective and results into finding the solution of the research problem in an efficient way. This report helps the reader to consider several points at the time of conducting literature review to make it more favorable in determining the relevant solutions.

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References
Dawidowicz, P. (2010) Literature Reviews Made Easy: A Quick Guide to Success. USA: IAP.
Levy, Y. and Ellis, T. J. (2006) A Systems Approach to Conduct an Effective Literature Review in Support of Information Systems Research. Informing Science Journal, 9, p. 1-32.
Matheson, L. and Lacey, F. M. (2011) Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. USA: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Reed, L. E. (2005) Performing A Literature Review. [Online]. Available at: http://www.iris.ethz.ch/msrl/education/iris_studies/pdf/literature_review.pdf [Accessed: 18 September 2011].
Rubin, A. and Babbie, E. R. (2010) Research methods for social work. USA: Cengage Learning.

Research methodology plays an important role in any dissertation to achieve research aims and objective and collect adequate data. A well define research methodology assist the researcher to conduct an effective research study and collect reliable and valid information. Research methodology is also helpful for the researcher to define research aims and objectives in effective manner. In order to select appropriate and suitable research methodology, it is essential for the researcher to concentrate on different aspects. Firstly, gaining knowledge about the research nature is essential. All research methodology can be divided into two broad categories such as quantitative and qualitative research (Houser 2007). In today’s most of the researcher chooses both research methodologies for their research study. It helps the researcher to develop in-depth understanding about the research topic in both theoretical and quantitative manner.

In a dissertation, an effective research methodology included various aspects such as research philosophy, research approaches; research design and data collection methods. These aspects help the researcher to define research methodology according to the research topic. The detail description is as follow:

Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is an idea of development of knowledge or a research study. A research philosophy contents three types of philosophies such as positivism, interpretivism and realism research philosophy. The researcher can select research philosophies according to the way in which knowledge is developed and judge (Saunders 2003). This philosophy leads the researcher to gain comprehensive knowledge about research approach.

Research Approaches: Research approaches also play an important role to select suitable methodology. It directs research to develop research design and increase the effectiveness of research study. There are two types of research approaches such as inductive and deductive research approach (Houser 2007). A researcher can select the research approaches according to the research philosophy and the design of research methodology. If the researcher want to test the hypothesis related to the research issue, deductive research approach is useful and if the researcher compare the existing theories with collected data and information, inductive research approach is useful (Flick 2009).

Research Strategies: Research strategy is a general plan that helps the researcher to answer the research question in effective manner and choose suitable research methodology (Saunders 2003). An effective research strategy includes the objectives, research questions and data collection resources that help the researcher to conduct research study in effective manner. A researcher can select the research strategy according to the required data and information. An effective research strategy includes the analysis of literature review, case study, interview, observations, experiments, survey etc. (Houser 2007).

Research Design: Research design is an important aspect of research methodology because it helps the researcher to define research study from data collection to the data analysis techniques. There are two types of research design that includes qualitative and quantitative research design. These are helpful for the researcher to conduct research study in effective manner (Flick 2009).

Data Collection Methods: Data collection method is also an important part of follow a correct research methodology in a dissertation that helps the researcher to develop reliable and valid information and data. A researcher can use two types of data collection method such as primary and secondary data collection methods. In primary data collection method, researcher can generate data and information through survey or interview. In secondary data collection method, researcher can use books, journals, academic articles to collect the reliable data and information (Saunders 2003).

Thus, it can be said that all these steps are interconnected with each other and evaluation of all these aspects is essential to select appropriate research methodology in a dissertation. If you are facing difficulty to solve your dissertation or need dissertation help then email us at  info@dissertationhelpservice.com or call us at

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References
Flick, U. (2009) An Introduction to Qualitative Research. UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Houser, J. (2007) Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Evidence. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Saunders, M. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students. South Africa: Pearson Education.

Before working on a dissertation, it is important to prepare a research proposal. This post is an example of a short research proposal on a marketing topic for your dissertation help.


Title for this research is "Impact of Marketing Strategies on Customer Buying Behavior: A case of ASDA".


Consumer buying behavior is related to the behavior of an individual, which is related to the purchasing of any product of services. It refers to those actions, which are linked with the purchase of products for personal or household use. The customer buying behavior majorly depends on five steps, i.e. identification of the problem, discover the information, finding the alternatives, buying the product and evaluating the usages after purchase or utilization (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor 2011). Different marketing strategies are followed by different retail stores in UK that effectively helps the companies to retain the old customer and attract the potential customers in order to prepare a strong customer base for the organization.

With the help of different marketing strategies organization tries to influence the buying behavior of the customers to increase the sales revenue and to generate profits. Analysis for the buying behavior of the consumer helps the organization to understand the various aspects of the customers such as reason of buying a particular product. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the source from which the customer gets information to buy the products (Lancaster and Massingham 2010).


Research question for the research is as below:

"What are the marketing strategies of the retail company that impact on the buying behavior of the customers?"

Research Objectives

To obtain the answer of the research question, following research objectives have to be achieved by the researcher throughout the research study:

• To explore the need and impact of marketing strategies in organization.
• To analyze relationship of marketing strategy with the buying behaviour of consumers.
• To understand that roles of marketing strategies to influence buying behaviour and improve organization’s financial performance.
• To recommend some alternative solutions to ASDA to maximize the impact of current marketing strategies and implement some innovative marketing strategies.

Under this section literature review on impact of marketing strategies on consumer buying behavior in context of UK multinational company ASDA will be analyzed.


To obtain the research objectives, researcher will have to conduct the research based on the qualitative research methodology (Zikmund 2003). Data collection is based on both the primary and the secondary data collection technique. Primary data collection method includes semi structured interview and survey through questionnaire method that helps the researcher to understand the viewpoint of the target audience about the research objective. Whereas, secondary data collection method includes different sources such as scholars, journal articles, books, authentic websites including company websites, annual report, etc. that helps the researcher to critically evaluate the objective of the research problem (Crowther and Lancaster 2008).


In order to attain the objectives of the research problem and to complete this research in an effective manner the researcher can face some problems regarding the cost, time and research methodology.



References

Pride, W. M., Hughes, R. J. and Kapoor, J. R. (2011) Business. USA: Cengage Learning.

Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. (2010) Essentials of Marketing Management. USA: Taylor & Francis.

Crowther, D. and Lancaster, G. (2008) Research methods: a concise introduction to research in management and business consultancy. USA: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Zikmund, W.G. (2003) Business Research Methods. USA: Cengage Learning.

Data analysis is the process of analyzing all the information and evaluating the relevant information that can be helpful in better decision making (Sivia & Skilling, 2006). Data analysis is an important part of your dissertation. This post would be helpful while you do your dissertation. Analysis can be done by using various tools and methods. Data analysis helps in deriving the conclusion out of the gathered information.






 There are various methods that have been adopted by an organization to analyze the accuracy of the data collected. 


Statistical Test: Data that has been collected can be analyzed by doing various statistical tests. Organization can select the type of statistical test on the basis of data collected (Ott & Longnecker, 2008). For example researcher has collected the data through observation then organization should select the correlation statistical method.

Mechanical Techniques: There are various mechanical techniques that can be adopted by an organization. Large amount of data can get scanned through computers and other mechanical devices (Ramsay & Silverman, 2002). This method helps in quick and easy analysis of the collected data and also provides more accurate data.

Interpretations of interviews and case studies: Analysis can be done through the interpretation of the interviews that has been conducted during the data collection. Interpretation of the case studies is also a method of analyzing the data. This will help in acquiring relevant employees for the organization.

Descriptive method: In this method, collected data are organized in such a way that it will describe the nature and type of data collected. This can be done by using various diagrams and tables (Lindlof & Taylor, 2010). It will be helpful in making better decisions. And through the diagram it will be easy to understand and analyze the data.

Data Presentation: All the numerical data that has been collected must be presented in graphical or matrix form so that it will be easy to analyze the data. Some of the ways are histogram, bar chart etc. All the numerical data are put into graphs or matrix and through this calculation can be done easily (Weerahandi, 2003). This will further help in forecasting the future requirements and also help in framing the budgets.

Moving Average Method: In this method, average of the entire variable data is taken out. This method can be used with the time series and it will further help in smoothing the fluctuations that are short term in nature (Raedt & Siebes, 2001). Moving average method also interpret the longer term trends that will also help in adopting some controlling techniques in advance.

References
Lindlof, T.R., & Taylor, B.C. (2010). Qualitative Communication Research Methods (3rd ed.). California: SAGE.
Ott, L., & Longnecker, M. (2008). An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis (5th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
Raedt, L.D., & Siebes, A. (2001). Principles of data mining and knowledge discovery. New York: Springer.
Ramsay, J.O., & Silverman, B.W. (2002). Applied Functional Data Analysis: methods and case studies. New York: Springer.
Sivia, D.S., & Skilling, J. (2006). Data analysis: a Bayesian tutorial (2nd ed.). US: Oxford University Press.
Weerahandi, S. (2003). Exact statistical methods for data analysis. New York: Springer.

Primary research refers to the collection of data for the first time. This data is collected for some specific purpose. Primary research is more expensive and time consuming but it will give better results than secondary data (Gratton & Jones, 2010).There are several methods that can be used for research like interviews, questionnaire, surveys, observation etc.

Primary Research Methods

Interviews: Interviews are the useful method; if person’s personal information is required. It can be used in both quantitative and qualitative research. Interviews can be telephonic, face to face. It can be formed in structured and unstructured manner (Pakroo, 2009).

Observation: Data in primary research can be collected through observing the people while working in an organization. Researcher can get information by sitting in the market and observe the customers. Observation is useful if consumption of total time and cost is required.

Questionnaire: Questionnaire is a statement that contains a series of questions that will be asked from respondents. (Walliman, 2005).But sometimes respondents do not give correct information. And researcher can also do manipulations in information that is obtained.

Focus Group: In this method five to eight members sit together and discuss the problem. All members give their views related to problem, this help in getting the required data. It is more useful in organization (Green, 2000).

Surveys: It is the method of collecting information by sending mails of questionnaires to the respondents. It avoids the traveling cost and also consume less time.

Sampling: It is done when new product is launched in the market. Samples of the product are sold in the market to check the response of the customers. Through feedback researcher can improve the quality of product if required.

Researcher can select the methods for primary research on the basis of type of data and information required for the research. If the researcher need personal information from respondents then interview method will be more suitable. Primary research is suitable where the area of research is small. In this, questionnaire method may also be selected because it covers specific area of respondents such as customers, employees etc. Sampling method is also useful for the small area.

References
Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2010). Research Methods for Sports Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Green, S. (2000). Research Methods in Health, Social and Early Years Care. UK: Nelson Thornes.
Pakroo, P. (2009). Starting & Building a Nonprofit: A Practical Guide. USA: Nolo.
Walliman, N.S. (2005). Your research project: a step-by-step guide for the first-time researcher (2nd ed.). London: SAGE. Dissertation Help

The objective of the research should be closely related to the research study of your dissertation. The main purpose of the research objective is to focus on research problem, avoid the collection of unnecessary data and provide direction to research study. Research is related to the aspiration and objectives are related to the battle-plan. Objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely, so that research problem could be explored effectively.

Specific: Objective should be clear and well defined. It helps to specify the research problems and provide proper guideline to find the solution of research problem (Alexander, 2008). Specific objective identify the methods of collecting necessary information related to the research problem.

Measurable: Objectives should be measurable. It improves quality and quantitative of the research study to achieve its goal. The measurable research objectives provide guidelines for the improvement of research design. It is important element to achieve research objectives.

Achievable: Objectives should also be achievable in the time and it should provide accurate result from the use of sufficient resources in the specific time frame. It is related to effective measure of research problem (Atkinson, 2001). Achievable objectives ensure that every process of research is finished in accurate time will help to achieve the goals.

Realistic: Objective should be realistic, so that available resources like as men, money and machines could be used effectively. Objectives are most useful, when they accurately define the problem and take various steps that can be implemented with a specific time period.

Timely: Objective should be measured and achievable into the time frame. The research takes enough time in finding the solution of research problem. Timeline indicate when the objective will be accomplished (Frey & Osterloh, 2002).


In deciding the research questions the consideration over data availability and information sources should be given. Research questions identify trends and provide significance of the study. Decision for research questions selection should based on research design, sampling and collection of the data. Data collection method decision is based on investigation for the problem and units of the study and it affects the selection of research questions. A good research question defines the investigation area, sets boundaries and provides direction in solving the research problem. Research questions should be appropriate with the topic and should find opportunities and commitments related to the study. Research question should be narrow, clarified and well defined (Blaxter, Hughes & Tight, 2006).

References:
Alexander, M. (2008). Management planning for nature conservation: a theoretical basis & practical guide. UK: Springer.
Atkinson, J. (2001). Developing teams through project-based learning. Germany: Gower Publishing, Ltd.
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (2006). How to Research (3rd ed.). Poland: McGraw-Hill International.
Frey, B.S. & Osterloh, M. (2002). Successful management by motivation. Germany: Springer.

Sampling is a process of collecting data, when the population is large for the study. Sampling is research processes of selecting a particular group from a population so that researcher studying the sample and collect the information in a particular group. It is less expensive and takes less time. Sampling may be the only practical method of data collection. (Guire & Pritts, 2007).


Different Methods of Sampling

There are several ways of taking a sample. Several sampling methods may be divided into two methods as probably methods and non-probability methods. These are:

Probability Sampling Methods: In probably sampling, every element in the population has a known. The main reason to use to probability sampling methods is to sample economically. There are four types of probability methods. These are:

Simple Random Sampling: The most basic of the probability sampling methods is the simple random sample. In this method, all participants or elements have an independent chance of being included in the sample. The most common technique for selecting randomly is the lottery and lucky number technique. This method is used to draw a sample from small group in the populations (Bless, Smith & Kagee, 2006).
Stratified Sampling: In this method, population is divided into subgroups such as gender. Firstly researcher identifies the subgroup or strata on the basic of existing information related to the research. The main reason for taking a stratified sample is to have a more efficient sample that provides accurate information.

Cluster Sampling: This method is a combination of simple random sampling and stratified sampling. It is also known as area sampling. A cluster is a unit that contain
a collection of population elements. Cluster sampling selects more than one population element at a time like a street or block of residences. This is useful when the population is spread out geographically.

Multi-stage Area Sampling: It is preferable that cluster are of equal size, otherwise each elements will not have an equal chance of being selected. This method is commonly used in surveys of householders (Gliner & Morgan, 2000).

Non-Probability Methods: In non-probability method, the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown. These types of methods may be based on judgment rather than probability. There are four types of non-probability methods. These are:
Accidental or Convenience Sampling: The method of convenience sampling is the unsatisfactory form of non-probability sampling. In this method the selection of respondents or elements by accidental. It may be used when the population is high and researcher wants to collect information quickly and economically (Blaikie, 2009).

Quota Sampling: A commonly used non-profitable method is quota sampling. In this method, firstly the population is divided into subgroups like as gender of different age groups. The selection of subgroup depends on the relevance to the research topic.
Judgement or Purposive Sampling: In this method, the researcher selects a sample to specific purpose and sample members required some appropriate judgment characteristics. It is often used to forecast election results.

Snowball Sampling: It is also known as network or reputational sampling. In this method, responded is related to each others. This is also be used to locate natural social networks such as friendship networks. Reduce sample size and costs are advantage of this method (Maxfield & Babbie, 2011).

Selection of Sampling Methods

There are several advantages and disadvantages of each of the sampling methods. Researcher decision is based on specific project or research problem. Selection of sampling methods is based on the accuracy of the information, cost and time period of the survey. The most common criteria for the selection of sampling methods are:


Determine the Objective: Firstly, researcher identity the objectives of the research study or survey. Researcher also identify the budget or time period of the survey. They are providing guideline in the collection of data or information.

Defining population characteristics: Then researcher identifies the populations included in the survey. Analyze each of the populations, groups, geographic areas or subgroups separately and compare them.

Determining the Sample Size: Then researcher is determined the sample frame, sampling unit or target population. Also determine the various resources in used the collection of information.

Performing: Researcher selected sample size and pulled the sample from the entire population of records and it’s time to perform of collect the information (Loughran, 2010).

References:
Blaikie, N. (2009) Designing Social Research. 2nd ed. USA: Polity Press.
Bless, C., Smith, C.H. & Kagee, A. (2006) Fundamentals of social research methods: an African perspective. 4th ed. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd.
Gliner, J.A. & Morgan, G.A. (2000) Research methods in applied settings: an integrated approach to design and analysis. USA: Routledge.
Guire, S.M. & Pritts, R. (2007) Audio sampling: a practical guide. USA: Focal Press.
Loughran, M. (2010) Auditing for Dummies. USA: Wiley Publishing Inc.
Maxfield, M.G. & Babbie, E.R. (2011) Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. 3rd ed. USA: Cengage Learning.

This post would be useful for you to develop an understand how to make a research proposal. Research proposal is an important step before starting any research. A very critical aspect of research proposal is research objectives, questions and methodology that would be use to achieve research objectives.

Research Title

The title of this research will be "study the role of human resource management to enhance the productivity of organization"

Introduction

Human Resource Management (HRM) includes the process of managing employees at work to achieve organizational goals and objectives. These goals are achieved by strategic operations with the use of cultural, structural and personal techniques (Schuler and Jackson, 2007). With the change in environment and introduction of globalization, it has become important for the organizations to enhance employees’ productivity at work place. So, it will help to boost employees as well as organizational growth.

Research Question

In relation to this research, following will be the research question:

"How HRM is influencing employees to enhance productivity at work and in what ways?"


Research Objective

In relation to this case, following are the objective of this research:

• To see the relationship between HRM and employees productivity.
• To explore different elements of HRM responsible to enhance employees’ productivity.
• To evaluate the way of influence people for more productivity at work place.
• To identify the role of HRM in the growth of employees as well as organization.

Literature Review

According to Birdi, Wall and Wood (2008) HRM is a practice that enhances employees’ knowledge, skill, attitude and behavior. This enhancement helps to increase company performance. There are many ways for that such as motivate or train employees to work harder and more flexibly, encouraging the use of initiative, reducing the cost of supervision and other direct costs. As well as providing the opportunity for individuals to develop and use new knowledge and skill at work (Birdi, Wall and Wood, 2008). So, the human resource management plays a major part to increase productivity of organization.

On other hand Dysvik and Kuvaas (2008) argued about influencing employees about productivity. They said training and motivation cannot influence every employee in similar way. If employees can perceive that they are not being provided with sufficient training opportunities. It might develop higher turnover intentions (Dysvik and Kuvaas, 2008). So, from this statement it is found that perception of developmental HR practices and turnover intentions are negatively related to each other.

Justification

Employees are regarded to be the most valuable assets of a company. So, it is important for the organizations to have effective human resource management to enhance productivity of employees as well of the organization.

Research Methodology

Secondary source of data collection will be used to gather information regarding the research. Review of different literatures, books, articles, web sources will be used as secondary source of data collection (Goddard & Melville 2004).


Potential Difficulty

Every research has some potential difficulties that affect the creditability of the research. The potential difficulty regarding this research is the time constraints and accessibility of the information sources.

Action Plan

Action plan determines the activities to be taken for the accomplishment of research. Following action plan would be there with time schedule for this research:

References
Birdi, K., Wall, T.D. and Wood, S.J. (2008) The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 61, p.467-501.
Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B. (2008) The relationship between perceived training opportunities, work motivation and employee outcomes. International Journal of Training and Development, 12 (3), p.138-157.
Goddard, W. & Melville, S. (2004) Research Methodology: An Introduction. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd.
Schuler, R.S. and Jackson, S.E. (2007) Strategic human resource management 2nd ed. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.

This post by the experts of dissertationhelpservice.com would explain the important of literature and how one should go about it. Literature review is the written and systematic summary of the research which is conducted on a particular topic. It summarizes the background and context of the research. Literature review exercises to analyze the area of the research, which has been resolved in the study. It is the outline of the research. It also shows the gap between the researcher’s curiosity and knowledge of the subject area (Boswell & Cannon 2009).

Literature review is most important to identify the problem of the study, which can be solved by collection of data. It is very important to know that the work is doing by researcher in a research should not be repeated again. Literature review observes about the work that it is doing, is repeating unintentionally. It also helps to avoid the mistakes, which already done by another one. So researcher can improve the research design and instrumentation, which was not successful at the last time (Cottrell & McKenzie 2011). A new research is depends on the past knowledge, and not includes a part of knowledge. A well created literature review establishes creditability of the researcher of the study, so he can get the entire benefit of his work (Leary 2004).

Literature review discloses appropriate theoretical structure of the study that helps to understand easily. It verifies that it has not been already done. It is the best way to establish the importance of the study (Houser 2007). Literature review is important to judge research question and to provide latest research material for the readers. Literature review makes it sensible because it uses both the side. In the literature review, researcher uses supportive argument as well as opposite (Writing Literature Reviews 2007).


A research can complete the literature review with the use of following stages. Firstly, he has to select an appropriate research topic on which he want to research. It is the first step of scientific research. Then he has to define the research question. It includes the information that should be related to the research topic (Ryan & Case 2010). After that he designs the plan that how these questions will be solved. It is the pre planning to solve the problems. It is the way by which problems can analyze.

After designing the plan, researcher goes to search for literature. In this step he has to find out materials, which is relevant to the subject matter. To find the matter books, articles, print or electronic media, newspapers, web sources etc. can use. These sources are use to collect the information (How to... write a literature review 2011). Once a matter has been searched than exclusion and inclusion criteria are decided. In this stage all the matter is evaluate to delete unnecessary matter. The last stage of literature review is synthesis, which means discussing the findings and conclusions of relevant literature. It is a summarizing part of literature review (The Stages of a Literature review 2010).

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that literature review is the most important part of the research to complete it. It is a central topic and body text of the research. It is synthesis concept of the study. It is an overall review of what a researcher found in the research program.

If you need any dissertation help and assignment help or any other aspect, please do send us an email to info@dissertationhelpservice.com

References
Boswell, C. & Cannon, S. (2009) Introduction to nursing research: incorporating evidence-based practice 2nd ed. UK: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Cottrell, R. R. & McKenzie, J. F. (2011) Health Promotion and Education Research Methods: Using the

Five-Chapter Thesis/Dissertation Model 2nd ed. UK: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
 Houser, J. (2007) Nursing research: reading, using, and creating evidence. UK: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

How to... write a literature review. (2011) [Online]. Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm?part=2&view=print [Accessed: 05 June 2011].

Leary, Z. O. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE publication Ltd.

Ryan, K. & Case, B. (2010) Research Preparation Things to do before Starting Library Research Projects [Online]. Available at: http://www.calstatela.edu/library/guides/rprep.htm [Accessed: 05 June 2011].

The Stages of a Literature Review. (2010) [Online]. Available at: http://www.library.american.edu/Help/tutorials/lit_review/stages.html [Accessed: 05 June 2011].

Writing Literature Reviews. (2007) [Online]. Available at: http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/general/lit-reviews/index.xml [Accessed: 05 June 2011].

A questionnaire is one of the important tools for collecting data through primary research. However, there are some important points that should be considered while designing a questionnaire:

Decide required information:

Researcher should be deciding all those information that is to ask from the respondent. All these information should be accurate and relevant with the research, because it is important to achieve research objective. If the information will be wrong, then objective cannot be achieved. A researcher decides about the information that is to be asked (Zikmund, 2003).

Decide target respondent:

A researcher should be deciding sample size of the research, so that it has been clear to identify the target population. A researcher decides two main components for interview. First is the target group from whom this will be conducted and other is the sample size of respondent (Survey Design, 2010).

Way to reach respondents:

A researcher decided the way for interview to the respondent to collect information. Researcher can conduct personal interviews, group or focus interviews, mailed questionnaires, telephone interviews etc. mostly, Personal and group interview are most used in the research (Survey Design, 2010).

Phrasing questions:

Phrasing of question is categorized by two basic types, are open ended and close ended. In open ended respondent have some problems, because researcher may more questions like, anything else? Could you tell me more about this? In case of close ended question respondent have certain option to answer, so there is rare problem (Zikmund, 2003).

Order and format:

A questionnaire should in certain format. It means starting questions should be easy and simple. Flow of question should be in psychological order, so that first lead naturally and easily to next. These should be in the knowledge and experience of respondents, so they feel comfort giving answer. All the questions should be more attractive and not impatient to give answer, because questionnaire may take half an hour to one hour.

Length of questionnaire:

A questionnaire should be limited so that it can be answered in a short time period. There are three types of questionnaire regarding length. In clinical questionnaire four pages, the same questionnaire plus the Europol five pages, and the same questionnaire plus the SF-12 seven pages, it should be short and sweet.

Pre-testing the questionnaire:

Once a questionnaire is made, it should be tested before using in the real study. Questionnaire should be checked in concern of question format, wording, and order. It will also helpful to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the survey. A researcher also tests validity and reliability of the questionnaire by pre-testing method (Pershing, 2006).

Developing final survey form:

A successful survey contains a well designed questionnaire and it gives good response. All the questions should be relevant and clear, so it makes it easy. It is the final outline of the form, which contain a set of questions for respondents. All these questions should be in a right mode (Siniscalco, & Auriat 2005).

Conclusion

Questionnaire is design for good survey results that is very effective for research. In the questionnaire, response and participation of respondent is valuable, because it is most important to complete the research objectives. Questionnaire plays an important role for generating new data and studies.

We hope this post would be useful for you. If you have any query regarding dissertation help then please do send us an email to info@dissertationhelpservice.com

References
Pershing, J.A. (2006) Handbook of human performance technology: principles, practices, and potential 3rd ed. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons.
Siniscalco, M. T. & Auriat, N. (2005) Quantitative research methods in educational planning: Questionnaire Design [Online]. Available at: http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Cap_Dev_Training/Training_Materials/Quality/Qu_Mod8.pdf [Accessed: 30 June 2011].
Survey Design. (2010) [Online]. Available at: http://www.surveysystem.com/sdesign.htm [Accessed: 30 June 2011].
Zikmund, W. G. (2003) Business Research Methods 7th ed. New Delhi: South-Western Cangage Learning.

This post by the team of dissertationhelpservice.com would help students learn about difference between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative and quantitative researches are the types of the research design. Both the research designs have different goals. Qualitative research is generally inductive and Quantitative research is deductive (Frankel & Devers, 2000). Quantitative research involves data collection, analysis and interpretation. It is mainly a statistical analysis method to solve the research problem, because data used in it, is mathematical and statistical form. Qualitative research is based on texts and images, pictures etc. (Creswell, 2003). Qualitative research includes focus group, in-depth interview, and observation to collect data and then it analyze for the study. It is subjective in nature and describes the problem of research in depth to find out its solution. Whereas quantitative research is objective and uses concepts, constructs, hypothesis which makes up a theory (Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research, 2011).

Qualitative research deals in the words, texts, picture so that it can be observed. It is more flexible in comparison of quantitative research, because it allows adaption of interaction between researcher and its participants. It also include case study to resolve the research problem. It describes whole problem and it uses theories, concepts and case study. It is a descriptive and analytical tool for the research, because it describes the problem deeply and then analyzes. It considers social activities like education, health, social work, administration in the social science. Quantitative research includes survey, sampling and census method to collect data. It requires the data in the numerical value, which can be count. A researcher use all these data on the basis of the way in which a number of people act, think and feel, because in this method number of interview are considered. There are many methods by which data can be collected like experiments, observational study, and survey. Qualitative researcher collects entire data for the research but in case of quantitative research researcher uses several mathematical and statistical tool to collect numerical data. A researcher knows clearly about the research before the quantitative research but in the qualitative research, researcher has a partial knowledge about that, he is doing. Qualitative research recommended in the earlier stage of the study, but in the case of quantitative research it is recommended after the study. Quantitative research uses numbers, and numerical values to summarize the whole study, and to look relationship between variable and participants of the research (Neill, 2007).

Qualitative research requires in-depth study of the human behaviour. It measures standard for research design and analysis (Howe, K., & Eisenhar, M. 1990). Qualitative research uses only rational and relevant data for policy and program evaluation. Both of researches have a major difference of the theoretical view, which affect the individual’s phenomenon perspective. A quantitative research begins with a hypothesis and test for confirmation and rejection of that theory. Qualitative approach is used with the aim of developing a theory. It includes psychological and behavioral science investigation. Quantitative research focuses on the measurement and amount of characteristics and behaviour of people (Thomas, 2003).

Qualitative research and quantitative research are contrasted to each other because one which considers the quantity of the respondent and another considers the quality of the study.

We hope that this post would be useful for students to understand about quantitative and qualitative research designs and how these approaches differ from each other. If you have any further or need help with your research design or dissertation help, please send us an email to info@dissertationhelpservice.com

References

Creswell, J. W. (2003) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches ed. 2, USA: SAGE publication ltd.

Frankel R. M., & Devers, K. J. (2000) Study Design in Qualitative Research—1: Developing Questions and Assessing Resource Needs, Education for Health, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2000, p. 251–261.

Howe, K., & Eisenhar, M. (1990) Standards for Qualitative and Quantitative Research: A Prolegomenon: Educational Researcher, 19, (9), p.2-9

Neill, J. (2007) Qualitative versus Quantitative Research: Key Points in a Classic Debate [Online]. Available at: http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html [Accessed: 29 June 2011].

Qualitative vs Quantitative Research (2011) [Online]. Available at: http://www.snapsurveys.com/techadvqualquant.shtml [Accessed: 29 June 2011].

Ramanathan, M. (2006) Ethics in Quantitative Research Methods [Online]. Available at: http://www.icmr.nic.in/bioethics/cc_biothics/presentations/haryana/session61.pdf [Accessed: 29 June 2011].

Thomas, R. M. (2003) Blending qualitative & quantitative research methods in theses and dissertations, USA: Corwin Press.

Research Approach

This blogpost by the experts of dissertationhelpservice.com would explain about research approaches. While working on a research project, it is very important to decide which research approach would be best for your research. In order to support the process of methodology description, it is essential to follow the research paradigm with appropriate research approach. There are mainly two kinds of research approaches deductive and inductive. Understanding to these approaches is essential to increase the efficiency of the research study. Both the approaches are completely different from each other (shown in Figure). Deductive research approach is associated with the positivism paradigm, whereas inductive research approach is associated with interpretivism. Understanding of both approaches is essential to support the choice of appropriate research approach.

Deductive research approach allows the research to establish a hypothesis by using theory. Variety of data and information is collected by the researcher to confirm or reject the hypothesis to resolve issue (Gill and Johnson 2010). In the given figure, various steps of using deductive approach are development of theory, hypothesis, observation through data and information and confirmation. On the other hand, inductive approach is totally reverse form deductive approach. Observation, pattern, tentative hypothesis and theory (see figure) are important steps of the inductive approach.

Inductive research is a flexible approach because there is no requirement of pre-determined theory to collect data and information. The researcher uses observe data and facts to reach at tentative hypothesis and define a theory as per the research problem. This helps the research to give inductive arguments (Mertens 2008).

Figure: Deductive Vs. Inductive Approach (Trochim 2011)


The deductive research approach is based on the general idea to reach at the specific situation and it is linked with the positivism paradigm, whereas, inductive approach works over a specific idea to generalize the situation as per the research topic, which is linked with the interpretivism paradigm (Crowther and Lancaster 2009). Saunders et al (2007) has asserted that by using both approaches it is very easy to estimate a logical and correct result but it is necessary for the research to combined correct piece of these approaches.

Inductive approach is highly associated with the interpretivism philosophy. Inductive approach allows the researcher to provide subjective reasoning with the help of various real life examples (Ridenour, Benz and Newman 2008). Deductive approach is linked with the positivism philosophy, which include hypothesis to prove assumptions. In this kind of approach it is necessary for the researcher to be general, but this research issue is specific and related to the development of human resources in the organization (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).

We hope that this post would have been useful for you to understand about the research approach. If you need have further or need help with research methodology or dissertation help, please do send us an email to info@dissertationhelpservice.com